Expert consensus on diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation in adults / 器官移植

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder after adult solid organ transplant (SOT), affecting 10% to 40% of recipients. PTDM has been associated with increased mortality, heightened risk of infections, graft-related complications and cardiovascular diseases, all of which seriously threaten the quality of life and long-term survival of recipients. According to recent studies and the domestic healthcare system, this consensus provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, screening and diagnosis, treatments, prevention strategies, cardiovascular risk factor management and microvascular complications associated with PTDM, in order to further standardize the diagnosis and treatment of PTDM. The objective is to standardize the comprehensive management of PTDM with the aim of enhancing the long-term quality of life and clinical outcomes for SOT recipients.

Chinese emergency expert consensus on bedside temporary cardiac pacing (2023) / 中华危重病急救医学

Temporary cardiac pacing is an essential technique in the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias. Due to its urgency, complexity, and uncertainty, it is necessary to develop an evidence-based emergency operation norms. Currently, there is no specific consensus guidelines at home or abroad. The Emergency Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to draft the Chinese emergency expert consensus on bedside temporary cardiac pacing (2023) to guide the operation and application of bedside cardiac pacing. The formulation of the consensus adopts the consensus meeting method and the evidentiary basis and recommendation grading of the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine in the United States. A total of 13 recommendations were extracted from the discussion on the methods of bedside temporary cardiac pacing, the puncture site of transvenous temporary cardiac pacing, the selection of leads, the placement and placement of leads, pacemaker parameter settings, indications, complications and postoperative management. The recommended consensus includes the choice between transcutaneous and transvenous pacing, preferred venous access for temporary transvenous pacing, the target and best guidance method for implantation of bedside pacing electrodes, recommended default pacemaker settings, recommended indications for sinoatrial node dysfunction, atrioventricular block, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. They also recommended ultrasound guidance and a shortened temporary pacing support time to reduce complications of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing, recommended bedrest, and anticoagulation after temporary transvenous pacing. Bedside temporary cardiac pacing is generally safe and effective. Accurate assessment, correct selection of the pacing mode, and timely performance of bedside temporary cardiac pacing can further improve the survival rate and prognosis of related emergency patients.

Guidelines for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis / 临床肝胆病杂志

‍Liver cirrhosis （LC） is the terminal pathological stage of various chronic liver diseases and is characterized by chronic inflammation， diffuse fibrosis， pseudolobular formation， and portal-systemic collateral circulation， which belongs to the category of jaundice， hypochondriac pain， and abdominal distension in traditional Chinese medicine. At present， there is still a lack of specific clinical treatment methods， and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy can effectively delay the progression of LC. Based on the principle of evidence-based medicine and with reference to the summary of recent clinical practice and the latest guidelines and expert consensus published in China and globally， the guidelines in this article are formed by objectively evaluating the evidence of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of LC and extensively soliciting the opinions of experts in the fields of traditional Chinese medicine， clinical medicine， and clinical epidemiology， so as to provide a reference for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of LC in clinical practice.

Standard operation procedure of laparoscopic D2 distal gastrectomy for locally advanced gastric cancer: consensus on CLASS-01 trial / 中华胃肠外科杂志

A prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (CLASS-01) of laparoscopic versus open surgery for locally advanced distal gastric cancer provides high-level evidence-based evidence for minimally invasive surgery for locally advanced gastric cancer. The findings showed that the experienced surgeons could perform laparoscopic D2 distal gastrectomy for locally advanced gastric cancer safely and effectively, with significant minimally invasive advantages, which attracting extensive attention in the academic community. In order to correctly understand and scientifically apply the results of this research in clinical practice, this paper summarized the research consensus of CLASS-01 trail for readers, including relevant definitions, surgical indications, device preparation, perioperative management, surgical principles and standards as well as the operational processes and quality control. The relevant standard procedures in this paper are the consensuses which were reached between the researchers when writing the CLASS-01 research plan. The basic principles referred to the international and domestic treatment guidelines and at the same time fully considered the actual situation of laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery in China. It has crucial guiding significance for the scientific development and rational promotion of laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer in China.

Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment for lateral lymph node metastasis of rectal cancer (2019 edition) / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Lateral lymph node metastasis represents a major cause of local pelvic recurrence after curative resection for mid-low rectal cancer. Considerable controversies over issues remain among eastern and western countries, with respect to the diagnosis of lateral lymph node metastasis, the multidisciplinary management regime, indication for lateral pelvic lymph node dissection, and the prognosis of surgical dissection. The purpose of this expert consensus is to improve the understanding of this condition among Chinese specialists, and to help standardizing the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for lateral lymph node metastasis. Each statement and recommendation in this consensus were generated based on suggestions from at least three experts, agreed by a majority of experts from the Chinese expert panel. The evaluation criteria by U.S. Preventive Services Task Force was adopted for the grading of recommendations. In respect to the aforementioned controversies, the present consensus produced 21 statements on diagnosis and treatment for lateral lymph node metastasis. The pending issues in this consensus need further high-quality clinical practice and research.

A consensus statement on the standardized application of antibacterial agents in biliary tract surgery (2019) / 中华外科杂志

The standardized application of antibacterial agents in the treatment of biliary tract diseases is of great significance.On the basis of international and domestic guidelines and consensuses, combining with the actual situation of Chinese biliary tract infection, Study Group of biliary Tract Surgery in Chinese Society of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association and Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Surgery organized experts to make recommendations which adopted a problem-oriented approach on the severity grade of biliary tract infection, the protocol of specimen examination, the use of antibiotics, the indication of drug withdrawal, the agents application strategy of drug-resistant bacteria infection and special situation to guide surgeons getting the accurate judgement of the severity of biliary tract infection and the formulation of standard protocols for the use of antibacterial agents on the premise of following the bacteriological and drug resistance monitoring information.

Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure / 中华肝脏病杂志

Liver failure is a familiar clinical severe liver disease syndrome with a very high mortality rate. Over the years, scholars from around the world have been exploring the definition, etiology, classification, types, diagnosis and treatment, and prognostic judgment of liver failure. Reflecting changes, that have transpired in recent years at home and abroad relevant to clinical evidence, this guideline updates the information previously published by the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association, Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Group, Severe Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Failure (2012 Edition).

Consensus on clinical application of transient elastography detecting liver fibrosis: a 2018 update / 中华肝脏病杂志

Transient elastography is a noninvasive, rapid ultrasonic elastography, and assess liver fibrosis by detetcting liver stiffness. Current consensus focuses on understanding influence factors on operation and diagnosis, recommendations for clinical application on detetcting liver fibrosis of chronic liver disease and monitoring development of related complication hepatocelullar carcinoma, high risk esophageal varices, and also summarizes the potential aplication on liver disease screening and liver fibrosis regression assessment.

Chinese guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common health care-associated infections, which increases patients' financial burden, prolongs hospital days, and even raises mortality. Prevention of SSI requires the integration of a range of preventive measures before, during, and after surgery. This guideline is based on current evidence and clinical practice, and takes into account the balance between benefits and harms, the evidence quality level, cost and resource allocation, and patient values and preferences. We present in this guideline 22 recommendations suitable for Chinese conditions and specific to the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods. Preventive measures including nutritional support, immunosuppressive agents, bathing, mechanical bowel preparation with oral antibiotics, hair removal, optimal timing for administration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, and surgical hand preparation, were involved in the preoperative period. During the intraoperative and postoperative period, preventive measures include normothermia, blood glucose control, fluid therapy, drapes and gowns, wound-protector devices, incisional wound irrigations, prophylactic vacuum suction therapy, antimicrobial-coated sutures, antimicrobial prophylaxis in the presence of a drainage, optimal timing for wound drain removal, wound dressing, and surgical antibiotic prophylaxis prolongation. It should be noted that when applying recommendations, surgeons should combine the conditions of their hospitals and patients' conditions. More researches are required to further investigate unsolved problems.

Neonatal transport for disasters / 中国当代儿科杂志

Neonates are vulnerable to greater damage in disasters and thus have special needs for equipment and medical staff. It is necessary to establish a regional neonatal transport network, in order to provide a platform for effective information communication and resource sharing. Neonatal care centers for critically ill neonates at all levels need to develop a disaster response plan for neonatal transport, and master this plan. In case of disasters, neonatal transport should be directed at the government level, in order to arrange emergency transport resources in a unified, reasonable and efficient way. Meanwhile, the psychological needs of family members and rescue staff should be taken into account.

Guidelines for application of computer-assisted indocyanine green molecular fluorescence imaging in diagnosis and surgical navigation of liver tumors (2019) / 南方医科大学学报

Computer-assisted combined indocyanine green (ICG) molecular fluorescence imaging technology can be used for preoperative planning and intraoperative detection from three-dimensional (3D) morphological anatomy and level of cellular function to guide the anatomical, functional and radical hepatectomy of liver tumor. This technology has received wide acceptance and has shown important diagnostic and therapeutic value. This guideline is intended to standardize the application of computer-assisted combined ICG molecular fluorescence imaging for accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver tumors in the following aspects: (1) the workflow of 3D visualization technology; (2) the mechanism and application flow of ICG molecular fluorescence imaging; (3) clinical application of 3D visualization technology and virtual reality technology; and (4) clinical application of ICG molecular fluorescence imaging. ICG molecular fluorescence imaging can help to define tumor boundary, determine hepatic segment and hepatic lobectomy tangent at the molecular and cellular level, and detect small lesions or metastases. According to the fluorescence signal characteristics of liver tumors and combined with rapid frozen pathological examination during operation, the differentiation degree of liver space-occupying lesions (such as primary liver cancer) can be preliminarily determined, and residual tumors and biliary leakage on the hepatic section can be detected after hepatectomy. Computer-assisted ICG molecular fluorescence imaging in the diagnosis and surgical navigation of liver tumors provides a new approach to digital diagnosis and treatment of liver tumors. With its development in clinical practice and the technological innovation, this technology will be further improved to allow more accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver tumors.

Expert consensus on treatment of Retroperitoneal tumors in china(Edition 2019) / 中华肿瘤杂志

The incidence of retroperitoneal tumor is low, and treatment is difficult.According to the recent updates of evidence-based medical evidence at home and abroad, the consensus on the standardized treatment of retroperitoneal tumors were discussed including examination and diagnosis , surgical treatment comprehensive treatment, nutrition, rehabilitation, and review and follow-up, etc.

Clinical guidelines on nutrition in end-stage liver disease / 中华肝脏病杂志

Malnutrition is common in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and is an independent risk factor for survival, therefore it should be treated as the same important guideline as ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. However, up to now, there is no clinical nutrition guideline for patients with ESLD in China. In order to standardize the nutrition treatment, Chinese Society of Hepatology (CSH) and Chinese Society of Gastroenterology (CSGE), Chinese Medical Association(CMA) co-organized and co-developed this guideline. Recommendations on nutritional screening and assessment as well as principles of intervention and management in patients with ESLD were provided to help clinicians make rational decisions on clinical malnutrition.

An expert consensus for the adjustment of treatment strategies in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with non-first-line nucleos(t)ide analogues / 中华肝脏病杂志

Oral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) is one of the main and efficient way for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Considering the antiviral potency and drug resistance of domestic and foreign guidelines, NAs are divided into first-line and non-first-line drugs. "An Expert Consensus for the Adjustment of Treatment Strategies in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Treated with Non-first-line Nucleos(t)ide Analogues," is mainly aimed at those patients who are currently using non-first-line NAs drugs. In addition, how to standardize the adjustment to first-line NAs drugs of choice, which can strengthen the effectiveness of initial antiviral treatment to obtain better antiviral efficacy, and improve patient compliance, coinciding with the avoidance of occurrence of serious drug adverse reactions in patients with CHB is presented.

The expert consensus on clinical cure (functional cure) of chronic hepatitis B / 中华肝脏病杂志

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major world public health problem. Current guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have suggested clinical cure (also known as functional cure) as the ideal therapeutic goal, which is associated with decreased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical cure is defined as sustained, undetectable serum HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA with or without seroconversion to anti-HBs, but with the persistence of residual cccDNA, accompanied by resolution of liver injury after the completion of a finite course of treatment. Accumulating data from a series of randomized controlled trials as well as clinical practice have confirmed certain clinical benefit of optimal sequential/ combination strategies of direct acting antiviral drugs (DAA) [such as nucleoside analogues (NA)] or immunomodulators (such as pegylated interferon alpha (Peg-IFN)] for appropriately selected CHB patients. This consensus provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of the data supporting the use of combination therapies and summarizes the roadmap towards clinical cure of CHB to guide decision-making in clinical practice.

Consensus on the diagnosis and therapy of hepatic fibrosis in / 中华肝脏病杂志

Hepatic fibrosis is a reparative response of diffuse over deposition and abnormal distribution of extracellular matrix (collagen, glycoprotein and proteoglycans) after exposure to various kinds of liver injuries, and is a key step in the developmental process of various chronic liver diseases to cirrhosis. Recently, many advances in our understanding of hepatic fibrosis have been recognized through the basic and clinical research. Therefore, we have organized the relevant domestic experts of this field to form consensus on the diagnosis and evaluation, treatment, and clinical development and application of therapy in order to better guide the diagnosis and treatment, and drug research and development.

Expert recommendations on standardized diagnosis and treatment for fatty liver disease in China (2019 revised edition) / 中华肝脏病杂志

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in China. To provide evidence-based and updated practical recommendations for clinician, this expert recommendations have updated the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD in five aspects as follows: (1) the framework of NAFLD treatment centre or clinic; (2) screening and evaluation: who should be screened, initial evaluation items, non-invasive assessment of steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis, when to obtain a liver biopsy in patients with NAFLD, and other metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk assessment; (3) managements of patient with NAFLD: lifestyle intervention (dietary, exercise and weight loss), drug treating metabolic co-morbidities such as hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and steatohepatitis and fibrosis; (4) management of special populations with NAFLD: children, pregnant or lactating women, patients co-existence with alcoholic liver disease, chronic HBV and/or HCV infection, and autoimmune disorders; (5) monitoring and follow-up. This consensus aims to modify the optimizing management process and guide physicians make correct and reasonable decisions in the diagnosis and treatment for patients with NAFLD.

Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis / 中华肝脏病杂志

Current guideline developed by the Chinese Society of Hepatology on the management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis is grounded on the published evidences and panelists' consensus. This guideline presents recommendations for diagnosis and management of covert and overt hepatic encephalopathy, and underline the importance of screening minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with end-stage liver diseases. In addition, it also stresses that early identification and timely treatments are the means to know the prognosis. The principles of treatment are primary and secondary prevention, prompt removal of the cause, and recovery of acute neuropsychiatric abnormalities to baseline status.

The Chinese expert consensus on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for malignant lymphoma(2018) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Although addition of novel monoclonal antibodies, targeted therapies, and immune therapies have remarkably improved both response and long-term survival of malignant lymphoma, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains an important therapeutic option for lymphomas. In order to improve the understanding of the roles of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for malignant lymphoma and further standardize the clinical application, the Chinese experts from the Hematology Oncology Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Group of the Society of Hematology at Chinese Medical Association and the Chinese Union of Lymphoma Research of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, have analyzed the related research data and developed the Chinese expert consensus on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for malignant lymphoma(2018). In this consensus, we have systematically expounded on the indication, type of transplant, mobilization and collection of hematopoietic stem cells, conditioning regimen, pre-or post transplant therapies and follow-up of HSCT for malignant lymphoma, in order to provide reference for clinicians.

Consensus on management of drug-drug interaction with direct-acting antiviral agents in chronic hepatitis C / 中华肝脏病杂志

Approved direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA ) in chronic hepatitis C were introduced. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics data of DAAs were analyzed. Comorbidity and concomitant medications of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients were extracted from Chinese Health Insurance database. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were calculated by integrated above data and confirmed by using Liverpool DDI website. Based on those data, experts propose consensus on management of drug-drug interaction with direct-acting antiviral agents in chronic hepatitis C, including pre-treatment, on-treatment, and post-treatment.